ABSTRACT
Various methodologies have been proposed to assess the overall quality of diet, but there are no specific indicators in Latin America. The purpose of this work was to propose a Healthy Eating Index according to the recommendations of the Chilean Ministry of Health and to validate their application in a national sample of students. A food frequency survey with 12 variables was used: 5 healthy foods, 4 unhealthy foods and 3 main meals. Each variable was rated from 1 (less healthy) to 10 (recommended by the Ministry of Health). Total scores were used to classify diets as healthy (90-120), in need of changes (60-89) and unhealthy (<60). The questionnaire was administered to 9,452 university students and was evaluated according to sex, age and nutritional status. The median score was 65.5 (54.5 to 77.9: p25-75) and 9.2% had healthy diets, 55.3% needed changes and 35.5% had unhealthy diets, without differences by sex and modest differences by nutritional status (p< 0.05). Younger age related to an unhealthy diet (p< 0.005). The instrument is easily applied by health professionals and can be adapted to the recommendations of each country. There are serious deficiencies in diet quality among college students, regardless of their nutritional status and sex.
Se han propuesto diversas metodologías para evaluar la calidad global de la alimentación, pero no existen índices específicos en Latinoamérica. El objetivo de este trabajo fue proponer un Índice de Alimentación Saludable de acuerdo a recomendaciones del Ministerio de Salud de Chile y validar su aplicación en una muestra nacional de estudiantes universitarios. Se utilizó la encuesta de frecuencia de consumo con 12 variables: 5 alimentos saludables, 4 no saludables y 3 de comidas principales. Cada variable fue evaluada de 1 (menos saludable) a 10 (recomendación ministerial) y el puntaje total se clasificó: saludable (90-120), necesita cambios (60-89) y poco saludable (< 60). Se encuestaron 9.452 estudiantes universitarios de diferentes y se evaluó el índice según sexo, edad y estado nutricional. La mediana fue solo 65,5 puntos (p25-75= 54,5-77,9); 9,2% saludable; 55,3% necesitaba cambios y 35,5% poco saludable, sin diferencias por sexo y muy leves según estado nutricional (p< 0,05). A menor edad menos saludable (p< 0,005). El instrumento fue fácil de aplicar por profesionales de la salud y puede ser adaptado a las recomendaciones de cada país. Existen graves deficiencias en la calidad de la alimentación en estudiantes universitarios, independientemente de su estado nutricional y sexo.
Subject(s)
Humans , Students , Universities , Diet , Nutrition Assessment , Diet, Healthy/standards , Food QualityABSTRACT
he leaf area is an important growth parameter and is directly related to the production of fruit. In this study the leaf area of the pejibye (Bactris gasipaes H.B.K.) was estimated in three different accessions that represent the populations of Benjamin Constant, Coari and Rio Preto da Eva, in Amazonas State, Brasil. First, a comparison of the regression coefficient between true leaf area and rectangular areas of the leaflets was made to determine the similarity of the Amazon and the Central American pejibaye. Second. leaf area was estimated for three leaves/plant and three plants/ accession for each population. The leaflet number, the average lenght and maximum width of a sample of six leaflets and a correction factor allow this estimation. It was determined that the three accessions are significantly different in this parameter, suggesting that the leaf area and its components are important descriptiors, both for populations and for genetic improvement of this species.
A área foliar é um importante parâmetro de crescimento e está diretamente relacio nada com a produção de frutos. Neste trabalho estimou-se a área foliar da pupunheina (Bactris gasipaes H.B.K.) em três diferentes acessos que representam as populações de Benjamin Constant, Coari e Rio Preto da Eva, no Estado do Amazonas,Brasil. Primeiro com parou-se o coeficiente de regressão entre a área verdadeira e a área retangular dos folíolos para determinar a similaridade entre as pupunheiras da Amazônia e as da América Central. A seguir, estimou-se a área foliar de três folhas/plantas e três plantas/acesso para cada população. O número de folíolos, a média do comprimento e da largura máxima de uma amostra de seis folíolos e um fator de correção, permitem fazer esta estimativa. Determinou-se que os três acessos são significativamente diferentes quanto a este parâme tro, sugerindo que a área foliar e seus componentes são descritores de importância, tan to na descrição de populações como no melhoramento genético da espécie.
ABSTRACT
Four budding and two grafting methods were compared fro efficiency in the vegetative propagation of "cupuaçu" an important fruit native to the Amazon Basin. The methods tested were: Forket, green strip budding, shield budding, inverted "T" budding, spliced side grafting and top grafting. Each method was used with partial defoliation of the scion, vihich was performed by cutting off the apical 2/3 of each leaf on the same day or seven days previously. Partial defoliation seven days previously reduced the rate of suc-cessfull budding and grafting. Side grafting and green strip budding are considered to be the best methods for cupuaçu.
Visando obter informações sobre a melhor técnica de enxertia em cupuaçuzeiro (Theobroma grandiflorum (Wild ex Sprebg) Schum), são estudadas neste trabalho seis diferentes modalidades: Forket; enxertia de "placa de seringueira"; escudo; "Tê" invertido; garfagem lateral no alburno e garfagem de topo em fenda cheia. Essas técnicas foram combinadas com e sem corte prévio de 2/3 da parte apical de cada uma das folhas do material matriz (toalete). Os enxertos, foram amarrados com fita plástica e as garfagens, protegidas com sacos plásticos de polietileno transparentes. As mudas, durante todo o experimento, permaceceram em canteiros, protegidas por três telas de nylon verde, sobrepostas. Os dados evidenciaram que o uso de toalete prejudicou o pegamento, provavelmente devido a interferência no balanceamento hormonal nos enxertos. As técnicas consideradas como as melhores foram: garfagem lateral no alburno e a enxertia de placa de seringueira.